Grammar used in Willie ille Pu
This will eventually cover the grammar needed to read Winnie ille Pu as translated by Alexander Lenard
At the moment it is very much as work in progress.
The Latin alphabet
The Latn alphabet is the same as the English except it does not have a w.
Parts of speech
Nouns, adjectives and pronouns decline and verbs conjugate. Declension means that the word changes according to its meaning and grammatical requirements.
Gerund
Forming the gerund
Add -ndum to the present stem for declensions one and two. Add -endum for declensions 3 and 4.
Gerundive
Forming the gerundive.
Take the stem of the Gerund and add the endings of the first and second declension adjectives.
amandus, a, um
monendus, a, um
regendus, a, um
audiendus, a, um
gradibus descendendi of steps to be descended
bombi bombantis
Participles
Participles crop up throughout Winnie ille Pu. A participle is a used to describe a verb when it is used as an adjective. i.e. as a describing word. Walking in ‘The walking bear’ is a participle.
Future Participles
Take the supine stem and add urus.
amaturus, amatura, amaturum going to love, about to love
moniturus, monitura, moniturum
recturus, rectura, recturum
auditurus, auditura, auditurum
Present Participles
An example, of a present p is ingens, which in the singular is declined as follows:
Ingens ingens ingens
Ingens ingens ingens
Ingentem ingentem ingens
Ingentis ingentis ingentis
Ingenti ingenti ingenti
Ingenti ingent ingenti
A present participle can take an object and function as a verb and this construction is frequently used in Winnie ille Pu.
Perfect Participle
To form the perfect participle, remove the -um, from the supine and add -us.
amatus,a,um Loved, having been loved.
Modal Verbs
Possum is followed by an infinitive.
Non potes eum Winnie vocare.
Num
This is used when you ask a question to which you expect a negative answer.
Dummodo
Provided that. Always takes the subjunctive.
Grammatical Constructions
Accusative and Infinitive. This is used after verbs of thinking, hoping, believing etc.
spero vos etiam scire
credidi eum puerum esse
Deinde censet alios modos non esse
The tense of the verb in this construction (infinitve plus accusative) relates to the original statement.
Prepositions
A preposition is a word like to, with, through and generally followed by a noun.
Prepositions in Latin take the accusative or ablative. The following are used in Winnie ille Pu.
Per + aca through
Ad + acc to (ad ramum to the branch).
Reflexive Pronoun
In English reflexive pronouns are myself, himself, herself,itself etc and refer to the subject. E.g. I washed myself.
Se a third person reflexive pronoun is used frequently.
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